Any nucleated cell in the body can behave as a non-professional APC and employs class I MHC molecules to display endogenous antigen derived from cytosolic proteins of self, tumour, or viral origin to CD8+ T-cells (effector T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, killer T-cells) for sampling, which produce pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IFNγ, and interleukin 2 (IL-2). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.