As exemplified for immunity against cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, HIV, or mycobacteria, T cells induced by primary infection or reactivation during active encounter with the pathogen show a low percentage of multifunctional cells and increased expression of inhibitory surface receptors such as CTLA-4 or PD-1, whereas the expression of these molecules decreases with successful control of the pathogen (15–18, 21, 29). This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and infection.