We observed >10% levels of PD‐1hi expression on CD4+ T cells and ≥1% levels of PD‐L1hi on IgM+ CD19+ B cells in HCC patients without HCV infection (Figure 5A), but lower than 10% levels of PD‐1hi expression on CD4+ T cells and absence of PD‐L1 hi in patients with HCV‐related MC (Figure 5B). Here, CD4 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.