These observations suggest that deregulation of these cancer-related mRNA and miRNA phenotypes, previously linked to biliary-related hypopharyngeal neoplastic process and squamous cell carcinoma [7, 20], are directly promoted by acidic bile via NF-κB shortly after its exposure and strongly suggest these molecules as potential biomarkers of early neoplastic events caused by bile reflux may be used as therapeutic targets. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is squamous cell carcinoma.