SOD1 and diabetes mellitus: Diabetic mice showed increased MDA level superoxide level, ROS production and mitochondrial superoxide level, but decreased T-AOC activity, SOD activity (mainly SOD2 in mitochondria, but not SOD1 in the cytoplasm), and GSH/GSSG level compared with the control group, and DHY treatment significantly suppressed global cellular and mitochondrial oxidative stress in thoracic aorta of mice with diabetes (Figure 4 and Figure 5).