TNF and COVID-19: Multiple studies found that critically ill COVID-19 patients and COVID-19 fatalities had higher plasma levels of multiple cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1-beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-gamma, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1A (MIP1A), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha [2,3,11,12,13].