Depression-like and anxiety-like behavior, as well as cognitive impairment caused by PCS, were accompanied by PCS CNS accumulation, impaired neuronal cell survival, and neurogenesis, apoptosis, disturbed BDNF, serotonin, corticosterone, REST expression, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in nephrectomized mice. The gene discussed is BDNF; the disease is major depressive disorder.