Therefore, the current study modified the chronic headache pain model of Pradhan et al. (2014a, b) to utilize SNP to investigate if SPS affects severity and duration of headache-induced hyperalgesia, nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ)-N/OFQ peptide receptor (NOP) levels, and astrocyte activation under both treatments. This evidence concerns the gene PNOC and headache disorder.