TNF and neoplasm: We note that ultrasound cavitation can exert an immune response for tumor therapy in two ways: (i) by inducing a sterile inflammatory response by increasing the production of cytokines (e.g., IL-1,IL-18, and TNFα) and the infiltration of CD68+ macrophages 40; and (ii) by increasing immunogenic presentation of tumor antigens to T cells by wounding the plasma membrane of tumor cells 41.