Three groups concomitantly reported the efficacy of dual ERK/MAPK pathway and autophagy inhibition in KRAS-driven tumours.23,24,48 Two of these studies, which specifically addressed the efficacy of this combination in PDAC, showed that treatment with MAPK pathway inhibitors (inhibitors of either ERK/MAPK or MEK) synergised with autophagy inhibition. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK1 and neoplasm.