KRAS and neoplasm: In this model, therefore, autophagy sustains tumour metabolism by preventing fatal nucleotide depletion and energy crisis during starvation.51 In PDAC cell lines, inhibition of autophagy leads to a decreased oxygen consumption rate, potentially indicating decreased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.52 Viale et al.53 have shown in an inducible model of KRAS signalling that resistance to KRAS-targeting therapy might be driven by a subpopulation of tumour cells that rely on oxidative phosphorylation for survival instead of the classic Warburg effect.