KRAS and neoplasm: This model has significant caveats, however: the pancreas develops in these mice without any functional p53, which probably affects their autophagy programme from the start and is different from the stepwise progression from PanIN to PDAC observed in other models and in humans.12 Also, other groups have not been able to replicate these results, and failed to show increased tumour formation in KRAS-mutant cell lines when autophagy was inhibited.