Combined PD and exercise resulted in elevated hippocampal IL-1β concentration *(ND vs. PD + IE, ND vs. PD + RE, p < 0.05, Fig. 5b) as well as #(PD vs. PD + IE, PD vs. PD + RE, p < 0.05, Fig. 5b). Here, IL1B is linked to Parkinson disease.