Low levels of HDL-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol are associated with poor clinical outcomes and increased risk of infectious disease and survival, respectively34–36, while in critically ill and especially in septic patients, a reduction in lipid and lipoprotein levels has been well documented37, in particular apoA-I, apoA-II15, 30, HDL and low-density lipoprotein30, 38, 39. Here, APOA1 is linked to infectious disease.