AKT1 and acute kidney injury: Compared to the AKI group, PI3K/Akt signaling was upregulated by EVs alone (0.34 ± 0.03 vs. 0.68 ± 0.07, p < 0.05) and by pFUS alone (0.34 ± 0.03 vs. 1.32 ± 0.21, p < 0.05), with the combined treatment of pFUS + EVs resulting in an even greater upregulation (0.34 ± 0.03 vs. 1.69 ± 0.29, p < 0.05) (Fig. 6b).