Western blot analysis further showed that EVs alone strongly upregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2 compared to the AKI group (1.18 ± 0.02 vs. 0.47 ± 0.11 normalized expression, p < 0.05) and that the combination of pFUS + EVs resulted in an even greater increase compared to EVs alone (1.88 ± 0.27 vs. 1.18 ± 0.02 normalized expression, p > 0.05) (Fig. 5d). Here, BCL2 is linked to acute kidney injury.