PCNA and acute kidney injury: Compared to the AKI group, the combination of pFUS + EVs was able to increase the levels of PCNA (1.68 ± 0.30 vs. 3.80 ± 0.47 normalized expression, p < 0.05), VEGF (1.02 ± 0.46 vs. 1.85 ± 0.25 normalized expression, p > 0.05), and survivin (0.23 ± 0.04 vs. 1.16 ± 0.44 normalized expression, p > 0.05), more so than either treatment alone (Fig. 5b).