IL6 and acute kidney injury: ELISA analysis also showed a significant reduction in serum cytokine levels when comparing the AKI group with those treated with pFUS + EVs, including TNF-α (1187 ± 142 vs. 463 ± 65 pg/mL, p < 0.05), IL-6 (1087 ± 90 vs. 454 ± 78 pg/mL, p < 0.05), and IL-1β (547 ± 75 vs. 290 ± 47 pg/mL, p < 0.05) (Fig. 4d).