PHIP and malignant colon neoplasm: This study provides foundations and directions for future studies of PhIP effects on sex-dependent mechanisms, which may merit following further topics—(1) comparing phenotypes and underlying mechanisms of PhIP-induced colon carcinogenesis between male and female (i.e., PhIP-DNA adduct), (2) conducting proper functional tests to confirm predicted pathways and mechanisms and (3) performing observational studies with colon cancer patients comparing sex differences.