CHRN (cholinergic receptors nicotinic subunits, also known as nicotinic acetylcholine receptors)-mediated signaling, for example, activates several tumor-promoting networks such as RAS (RAS type GTPase family)-RAF (RAF kinase)-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) and JAK (jak family tyrosine kinases)-STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) pathways (32,37,38). This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and neoplasm.