As such, fresolimumab, initially developed for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, has been investigated in phase-II trials in renal cell carcinoma and melanoma, but also metastatic breast cancer (NCT01401062) (Formenti et al., 2019) where TGF-β blocking was also associated with an increase of the immune anti-tumor response. Here, TGFB1 is linked to melanoma.