NFE2L2 and pulmonary emphysema: Data from the literature demonstrate that genetic or pharmacological activation of Nrf2 strongly suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Innamorato et al., 2008; Knatko et al., 2015; Kobayashi et al., 2016; Quinti et al., 2017) and Nrf2-deficiency induces an exacerbation of inflammation in a variety of murine models such as sepsis, pleurisy, and emphysema (Iizuka et al., 2005; Ishii et al., 2005; Thimmulappa et al., 2006).