TLR4 and ulcerative colitis: Recently, Danish researchers analyzed 53 biologically functional SNPs involved in the NFκB, the TNF, and other cytokine pathways and showed that 10 variants in the NFκB pathway [TLR2 (rs11938228), TLR4 (rs5030728 and rs1554973), and NFKBIA (rs696)], in the TNF-α pathway [TNFRSF1A (rs4149570)], and in other proinflammatory pathways [IL1RN (rs4251961), IL18 (rs1946518 and rs187238), NLRP3 (rs4612666), and JAK2 (rs12343867)], were associated with a response to anti-TNF therapy on a large cohort of patients (587 CD and 458 ulcerative colitis (UC)) (Bank et al., 2019).