ACE and ischemic stroke: Several studies reported that regulation of the RAS by ACE inhibitors and ARBs has a cerebral protective effect against ischemic stroke independent of a hypotensive effect, whereas non-RAS antihypertensive agents such as hydralazine and nimodipine have not shown cerebral protection (Hosomi et al., 2005; Kozak et al., 2008; Omura-Matsuoka et al., 2009; Smeda and Daneshtalab, 2011; Smeda et al., 2018).