PPARγ agonists have been reported to increase the accumulation of adipose-tissue Tregs and improve insulin sensitivity,31 and PPARγ agonists have a protective effect against various types of kidney injuries.32,33 Since kidney Tregs express a high level of PPARγ, similar to that of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) Tregs (Fig. 2c), we examined the effect of the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone on Treg accumulation in the kidney (Fig. 3a). Here, INS is linked to kidney injury.