Coveted, because notwithstanding the remarkable progress in cancer treatment achieved with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) blocking the CTLA-4 or PD-1 inhibitory pathways, a vast majority of patients do not respond to immunotherapy due to primary or acquired resistance to T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity1,2, and Tregs appear deleterious to anti-tumor immunity in most patients and cancer types3–12. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.