In addition, a significant number of Black children living with HIV develop HIVAN independently of the APOL1 risk variants (Ng et al., 2017; Purswani et al., 2016), and previous studies suggest that the APOL1 risk variants might play a more relevant role in adults compared to young children (Purswani et al., 2016; Woroniecki et al., 2016). The gene discussed is APOL1; the disease is HIV-associated nephropathy.