S100A10 and ischemia: We investigated the presence of A1 type astrocytes (labeled by C3d/GFAP) and A2 type astrocytes (labeled by S100A10/GFAP) in the ischemia penumbra across the four groups, and subsequently assessed the influence of CSO treatment on the number of peri-infarct C3d/GFAP-positive cells and S100A10/GFAP-positive cells by performing immunofluorescence staining.