As shown in Fig. 6A (c), the level of TNF-α was 58.7 pg/mg protein ± 6.2 pg/mg protein in the Sham-Con group and 63.3 pg/mg protein ± 4.6 pg/mg protein in the Sham-CSO group, with no significant difference between the groups. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is craniosynostosis.