TNF and craniosynostosis: The level of TNF-α was 121.9 pg/mg protein ± 7.7 pg/mg protein in the MCAO-Con group (##p < 0.01 vs. Sham-Con group), and CSO treatment significantly decreased the level of TNF-α to 85.0 pg/mg protein ± 7.6 pg/mg protein (*p < 0.05 vs. MCAO-Con group).