In previous studies, we developed a cancer immunotherapy that consists of a CTC-targeted TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-based liposomal therapy that targets and kills over 90% of CTCs in in vitro experiments and ~ 80% of CTCs in vivo using orthotopic murine models for prostate and breast cancer [17–19]. This evidence concerns the gene TNFSF10 and breast cancer.