IFNA1 and severe acute respiratory syndrome: Moreover, Scagnolari et al. [67] showed that IFN-γ production in response to SARS-CoV was significantly lower compared to well-established IFN-inducing viruses, such as vesicular stomatitis (VSV) and Newcastle viruses (NDV), suggesting a limited role of IFNs in early host defense against SARS-CoV infection.