It should be particularly noted that SFTPB and SFTPC, two of the most robust susceptibility factors for lung diseases (Fig. 2b), are also critical for enhanced mucosal immunity and strong antiviral response to influenza.43 Additionally, we observed that 21 vesicle-mediated transport-related genes were upregulated in aged AT2, including viral budding factor NEDD4L44 and ANXA1, ANXA2, and ANXA3 (Fig. 2c; Supplementary information, Fig. S3c), related to viral entry, assembly, and production. Here, SFTPB is linked to influenza.