A study by Hung et al. [59] reported that, similar to the ER stress inducers tunicamycin and thapsigargin, LHBs and pre-S mutants induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activation through the p38 and NF-kB signaling pathway in an in vivo HCC model. Here, PTGS2 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.