Nevertheless, recent studies discovered that there was a subset of CD8+ T cell expressing chemokine receptor CXCR5, which exhibited a more potent proinflammatory function than CXCR5− CD8+ T cells during chronic HIV-1 infection, because CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells enhanced the polyfunctionality of T cells and improved B-cell maturation [55,56,57]. Here, CXCR5 is linked to HIV-1 infection.