CSF2 and colorectal carcinoma: For example, a slurry of freeze-dried black raspberry 354 mg/day in 100 mL of drinking water was not effective in modulating the plasma concentrations of cytokines in 24 CRC patients and, indeed, increased the plasma concentrations of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which promotes tumorigenesis by stimulating the epithelial cell release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that enhances tumor survivability.