IFNA1 and encephalitis: In previous studies of prefrontal cortex in PLWH compared to HIV-negative individuals, we and others observed increased expression of markers of neuroinflammation (IFN-stimulated genes, endothelial markers) and immunoproteasome expression that associate with HIV-NCI and HIV-encephalitis (Gelman et al. 2012a, 2012b; Gelman and Nguyen 2010; Nguyen et al. 2010).