Furthermore, our results showed that different GBM patient-derived cells showed distinct immunosuppressive cytokine milieus, and MES and CL GBMs likely had higher productions of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-10, compared to the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ (Figure 3G), driving TAM polarization toward a M2-like phenotype. Here, TGFB1 is linked to glioblastoma.