The on-chip staining showed that most of IL-2-activated allogeneic CD8+ T-cells expressed GZMB and CD69 but weak PFN after cultured in the GBM niches, while CD8+ T-cell in the MES GBM niche overall had lower expressions of these T-cell activation and cytotoxic function markers (Figure 3—figure supplement 1), suggesting the immunosuppressive feature of the MES GBM niche. Here, CD8A is linked to glioblastoma.