Whilst the negative results do not rule out a role of NFκB in a mechanistic pathway involving P2X7R and GM-CSF56–58, they do indicate that inhibition of P2X7R and increasing GM-CSF do not result in altered NFκB mRNA expression Future research to further characterise this pathway in both glioblastoma as well as other non-cancerous settings is necessary to both understand this relationship and investigate if it could be utilised in other disease settings. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and glioblastoma.