DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by global metabolic alterations: myocytes of DMD patients and mdx mice (mdx mice possess a spontaneous point mutation in exon 23 of dystrophin that prevents expression of full-length dystrophin; the model is used for studying DMD) exhibit reduced oxygen consumption, spare capacity, and mitochondrial complex I activity [16].