Evidence from laboratory studies seems to confirm these effects, thus underscoring that, in particular, limonene and pinene can modulate the release of various cytokines (for example, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6), inflammatory mediators (for example, NF-κB signal transduction pathway, MAPK, COX-2 activity), and neurotransmitters (for example, dopamine levels, action on GABA receptors) in such a way as to reduce inflammation and pain and to improve anxiety, mood, and sleep quality (Table 5, Table 8, and Table 9). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Anxiety.