CASP3 and cancer: Data about cancer cells suggest that α-pinene might have effects on NF-κB and IκBα, and, therefore, on inflammation, mitochondrial functions, ROS production, caspase-3 activity, and DNA fragmentation [146], but also on efflux pumps responsible for multidrug-resistant tumors [147], as well as on cell cycle arrest via the cyclin-B protein [148].