In conclusion, the regulation of the DDR by TLK1 through the Nek1>ATR > Chk1 axis, and even more importantly its upregulation after ADT, is an important finding in the field of PCa research and as a target for potential therapy (Singh et al., 2017, 2019a, 2019b). This evidence concerns the gene CHEK1 and posterior cortical atrophy.