Our findings are consistent with a previous report of SERPINE1 involvement in the plasmin-related degradation of ECM to allow invasion27 and with broader relevance as a possible doxorubicin resistance mechanism in breast cancer by preventing cellular senescence.28 Pharmacological inhibition of SERPINE1 in mice and heterozygosity for the null allele in humans are both associated with cellular genetic integrity.29 Specific pharmacological inhibitors of SERPINE1 have been developed and used in humans for hypertension and antithrombosis. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINE1 and breast cancer.