This led to the approval of therapeutic inhibitors of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and cemiplimab, and of the programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway, atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab, by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of advanced melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), Hodgkin's lymphoma, squamous cell cancer of the skin, and urothelial bladder cancer. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.