TNF and infection: In contrast to the decreased bacterial loads, the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, TNFα (Figure 1C; p < 0.001) and IL12 p40/70 (Figure 1C; p < 0.05), and the percentages of iNOS+ cells were higher in planktonic bacteria-infected tissues (1 day post-infection) than those in biofilm-infected tissues (Supplementary Figure S1).