FBXO32 and Sepsis: Bandyopadhaya et al. (2019) reported that ROS accumulation may trigger the activity of the ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx. The expression of MAFbx and MuRF1 was inhibited by increase in the activity of the antioxidant factor HO1 in sepsis-induced muscle wasting (Yu et al., 2018a). Inflammation can induce muscle atrophy by enhancing the expression of MAFbx and MuRF1 (Hahn et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2020). TNF-α stimulates the expression of MAFbx in the skeletal muscle via the p38 MAPK pathway and promotes muscle fiber proteolysis (Ma, 2010).