TNF and cancer: Moreover, chronic inflammation leads to production of reactive oxygen species and exaggerated cytokine and chemokine expression, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL) 1, IL6, IL12, IL13, IL17, IL22, and IL23, by immune cells, which increase the risk of mutagenesis, genomic instability, and interactions between cancer stem cells and the local tumor microenvironment, including immune cells and myofibroblasts (7–12).