We found augmented expression of the classical pro-inflammatory cytokines Il1b, Il6, Tnfa (~ 6.0, 14.4, and 6.7 fold increase, respectively) and the pro-inflammatory chemokine Ccl2 (~ 15.5-fold increase) in hearts 2 d after MI as compared with sham-operated controls (Fig. 1G). Here, TNF is linked to myocardial infarction.