ADAR and plasma cell myeloma: In multiple myeloma, ADAR1 enhanced Alu-dependent editing and transcriptional activity of GLI1, a Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway transcriptional activator and self-renewal agonist, leading to an R701G amino acid change, which stabilized GLI1 transcriptional activity by preventing the binding of a critical Hh signaling pathway negative regulator, and resulted in promotion of immunomodulatory drug resistance.38 Importantly, inactivation of ADAR1 reduced the resistance to blockade and overcame the resistance to immunotherapy.39