VDR and neoplasm: As the major transcriptional regulatory factor of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), VDR can restore the quiescent state of cells; thus, compared with chemotherapy alone, VDR induce tumor stromal remodeling, increase gemcitabine levels in tumor tissue, reduce tumor volumes, and improve survival rates.34 We also demonstrated that VDR can significantly suppress the growth of tumors and that modification of the acidic tumor microenvironment combined with VDR overexpression substantially restricts the occurrence and development of CRC in vivo.