As shown in Figure 5, to establish TGF-β-related pathway collusion with high glucose concentration, we cultured RGCs in different glucose concentrations containing medium for at least 3 weeks to establish long-term hyperglycemia status and further detected changes in the expression of Nrf2, Keap1, HIF-1α, ALDH3A1, and HO-1 in response to oxidative stress. Here, HIF1A is linked to Hyperglycemia.