ALDH3A1 and Hyperglycemia: As shown in Figure 9, to further study the TGF-β-related pathway involvement with high glucose concentration, we first cultured RGCs in different glucose concentrations containing medium for at least 3 weeks to establish long-term hyperglycemia status, further treated them with H2O2 (1 mM) for 1 h, and subsequently detected changes in protein expression of Nrf2, Keap1, HIF-1α, ALDH3A1, HO-1, and TGF-β1/2.