A subgroup analysis of advanced CKD patients with and without DM revealed no significant differences in relation to age, sex, or Charlson comorbidity score; in relation to the presence of congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatic disease, peptic ulcer disease, hemiplegia, or moderate and severe liver disease; or in relation to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor usage between the KA-user and KA-nonuser groups (Table 2). The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is congestive heart failure.