Infection of HeLa cells lead to morphological changes including membrane blebbing, which together with increased caspase-3 cleavage activity indicated an apoptosis-like phenomenon [100]. An in vitro model consisting of inflammatory cells of mammary tissues from goats infected with Mycoplasma agalactiae demonstrated an association with Mycoplasma antigen(s) and production of IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-4, and TNF-α [101]. Here, TNF is linked to infection.