Infection promoted a malignant phenotype in benign human prostate cells (BPH-1), similar to Mycoplasma genitalium [137]. Higher titers of antibodies against Mycoplasma hominis were observed in prostate cancer positive patients, together with higher average PSA levels [139]. Infection promoted expression of BMP2, similar to Mycoplasma penetrans and Mycoplasma fermentans [136]. Here, BMP2 is linked to infection.