Ding et al. (2010) outlined the multiple oncogenic pathways induced by H. pylori. These include NF-κB, activator protein-1 (AP-1), PI3K, beta-catenin, E-cadherin (CDH-1), Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) by modification of chromatin protein and DNA methylation, leading to epithelial proliferation and gastric cancer [82]. This evidence concerns the gene PTGS2 and gastric cancer.