TNF and cytomegalovirus infection: In particular, HCMV infection led mainly to the over-expression of CCL2, CCL3, CCL11, CXCR4, IL-1β, IL13, MMP1, MMP3, MMP9 and MMP13, SERPINA1, TNFα, and BMP7, and the gradual and constant downregulation of IL13RA2 (up to almost 800-fold at 14 days p.i.).