With the observations that (1) morphological changes of hypothalamic astrocytes (astrogliosis) induced by high-fat feeding15,51 are associated with altered activity of both Pomc and Agrp neurons15 and (2) impaired melanocortin signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of T2D in both humans and rodent models38–41, we hypothesized that the melanocortin system is a target for sustained diabetes remission induced by FGF1. This evidence concerns the gene FGF1 and diabetes mellitus.