SMAD4 and carcinoma: Notably, the carcinomas investigated here were still embedded within the adenoma and, therefore, represent the earliest step in the adenoma-to-carcinoma transition process; yet, they already contained all common driver mutations (APC, BRAF, KRAS, TP53, SMAD4, and PIK3CA among others) at frequencies comparable to that seen in more advanced carcinomas [5].